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<title data-rh="true">Technical Analysis - Intros - Usage | OpenBB SDK Docs</title><meta data-rh="true" name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image" content="https://docs.openbb.co/img/banner.png"><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:image" content="https://docs.openbb.co/img/banner.png"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:url" content="https://docs.openbb.co/sdk/data-available/ta"><meta data-rh="true" name="docusaurus_locale" content="en"><meta data-rh="true" name="docsearch:language" content="en"><meta data-rh="true" name="docusaurus_version" content="current"><meta data-rh="true" name="docusaurus_tag" content="docs-default-current"><meta data-rh="true" name="docsearch:version" content="current"><meta data-rh="true" name="docsearch:docusaurus_tag" content="docs-default-current"><meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="Technical Analysis | OpenBB Docs"><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="This documentation page provides a comprehensive guide on using the Technical Analysis Module in Openbb, which is used for analyzing time-series data. It provides detailed usage of functions within the ta module, demonstrating features such as Momentum, Overlap, Trend, Volatility and Volume analysis plus many more techniques. It also showcases how to display the chart, instead of raw data, and best practices on using the module."><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="This documentation page provides a comprehensive guide on using the Technical Analysis Module in Openbb, which is used for analyzing time-series data. It provides detailed usage of functions within the ta module, demonstrating features such as Momentum, Overlap, Trend, Volatility and Volume analysis plus many more techniques. It also showcases how to display the chart, instead of raw data, and best practices on using the module."><meta data-rh="true" name="keywords" content="Technical Analysis,time-series data,pandas_ta library,datascience,Momentum,Overlap,Trend,Volatility,Volume,Fibonacci,charting,ta module,SMA,EMA,HMA,WMA,ZLMA,Moving Average,ATR,Donchian"><link data-rh="true" rel="icon" href="/img/favicon.ico"><link data-rh="true" rel="canonical" href="https://docs.openbb.co/sdk/data-available/ta"><link data-rh="true" rel="alternate" href="https://docs.openbb.co/sdk/data-available/ta" hreflang="en"><link data-rh="true" rel="alternate" href="https://docs.openbb.co/sdk/data-available/ta" hreflang="x-default"><link data-rh="true" rel="preconnect" href="https://7D1HQ0IXAS-dsn.algolia.net" crossorigin="anonymous"><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="OpenBB Docs" href="/opensearch.xml">
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type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><header><h1>Technical Analysis</h1></header><p>The Technical Analysis module is a toolkit for analyzing time-series data, at any resolution. The functions are a collection of formulas that fit into broad categories, and they are mostly derived from the pandas_ta library:</p><ul><li>Momentum</li><li>Overlap (Moving Averages)</li><li>Trend</li><li>Volatility</li><li>Volume</li><li>Other (Fibonacci)</li></ul><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="how-to-use">How to Use<a href="#how-to-use" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to How to Use" title="Direct link to How to Use">​</a></h2><p>Every SDK function also has a secondary <code>_chart</code> command. The table below is a brief description of each SDK function within the <code>ta</code> module; for simplicity, <code>_chart</code> has been omitted. Technical Analysis functions specific to stocks are included as a sub-module, <code>openbb.stocks.ta</code>.</p><table><thead><tr><th align="left">Path</th><th align="center">Category</th><th align="right">Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.ad</td><td align="center">Volume</td><td align="right">Accumulation/Distribution Line</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.adosc</td><td align="center">Volume</td><td align="right">Chaikin Oscillator</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.adx</td><td align="center">Trend</td><td align="right">Average Directional Movement Index</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.aroon</td><td align="center">Trend</td><td align="right">Aroon Indicator</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.atr</td><td align="center">Volatility</td><td align="right">Average True Range</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.bbands</td><td align="center">Voaltility</td><td align="right">Bollinger Bands</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.cci</td><td align="center">Momentum</td><td align="right">Commodity Channel Index</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.cg</td><td align="center">Momentum</td><td align="right">Center of Gravity</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.clenow</td><td align="center">Momentum</td><td align="right">Clenow Volatility Adjusted Momentum</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.demark</td><td align="center">Momentum</td><td align="right">Tom Demark&#x27;s Sequential Indicator (Unofficial)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.donchian</td><td align="center">Volatility</td><td align="right">Donchian Channels</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.ema</td><td align="center">Overlap</td><td align="right">Exponential Moving Average</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.fib</td><td align="center">Other</td><td align="right">Fibonacci Retracement</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.fisher</td><td align="center">Momentum</td><td align="right">Fisher Transform</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.hma</td><td align="center">Overlap</td><td align="right">Hull Moving Average</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.kc</td><td align="center">Volatility</td><td align="right">Keltner Channels</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.ma</td><td align="center">Overlap</td><td align="right">Moving Averages (For Charting)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.macd</td><td align="center">Momentum</td><td align="right">Moving Average Convergence/Divergence</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.obv</td><td align="center">Volume</td><td align="right">On-Balance Volume</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.rsi</td><td align="center">Momentum</td><td align="right">Relative Strength Index</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.sma</td><td align="center">Overlap</td><td align="right">Simple Moving Average</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.stoch</td><td align="center">Momentum</td><td align="right">Stochastic Oscillator</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.vwap</td><td align="center">Overlap</td><td align="right">Volume-Weighted Average Price</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.wma</td><td align="center">Overlap</td><td align="right">Weighted Moving Average</td></tr><tr><td align="left">openbb.ta.zlma</td><td align="center">Overlap</td><td align="right">Zero-Lag Moving Average</td></tr></tbody></table><p>The syntax for the data argument can be:</p><ul><li><p><code>data = ohlcv_df</code></p><p>Where functions only require a single column, <code>data = ohlcv_df[&#x27;Adj Close&#x27;]</code></p></li><li><p><code>data = openbb.stocks.load(&quot;ticker&quot;)</code></p><p>Target intraday by adding the <code>interval</code> argument to the <code>load</code> syntax.</p></li></ul><p>Best practice is to deploy the first method because the latter will work only with the commands requiring OHLC+V data as inputs. An error message will be returned if this is the case.</p><div class="language-python codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#9CDCFE;--prism-background-color:#1E1E1E"><div class="codeBlockContent_m3Ux"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-python codeBlock_qGQc thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_p187"><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">openbb</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">ta</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">obv</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token plain">data </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> openbb</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">stocks</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">load</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">&#x27;QQQ&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup_6DOT"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><table><thead><tr><th align="left">date</th><th align="right">OBV</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">2019-11-15 00:00:00</td><td align="right">1.84279e+07</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2019-11-18 00:00:00</td><td align="right">3.67938e+07</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2019-11-19 00:00:00</td><td align="right">5.37171e+07</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2019-11-20 00:00:00</td><td align="right">1.70881e+07</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2022-11-15 00:00:00</td><td align="right">-1.09017e+08</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2022-11-16 00:00:00</td><td align="right">-1.57876e+08</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2022-11-17 00:00:00</td><td align="right">-2.13339e+08</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2022-11-18 00:00:00</td><td align="right">-1.59987e+08</td></tr></tbody></table><p>The error message:</p><div class="language-python codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#9CDCFE;--prism-background-color:#1E1E1E"><div class="codeBlockContent_m3Ux"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-python codeBlock_qGQc thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_p187"><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">openbb</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">ta</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">rsi</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token plain">data </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> openbb</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">stocks</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">load</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">&#x27;QQQ&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup_6DOT"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><div class="language-console codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#9CDCFE;--prism-background-color:#1E1E1E"><div class="codeBlockContent_m3Ux"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-console codeBlock_qGQc thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_p187"><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">Please send a series and not a DataFrame.</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup_6DOT"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="_chart">_chart<a href="#_chart" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to _chart" title="Direct link to _chart">​</a></h3><p>To display the chart, instead of raw data, add <code>_chart</code> to the syntax before the (<code>arguments</code>).</p><div class="language-python codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#9CDCFE;--prism-background-color:#1E1E1E"><div class="codeBlockContent_m3Ux"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-python codeBlock_qGQc thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_p187"><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">openbb</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">ta</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">obv_chart</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token plain">data</span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> openbb</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">stocks</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">load</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">&#x27;QQQ&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">,</span><span class="token plain"> start_date </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">&#x27;2022-11-18&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">,</span><span class="token plain"> interval </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(181, 206, 168)">5</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">,</span><span class="token plain"> prepost </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup_6DOT"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><p><img loading="lazy" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/85772166/202889106-4caa882b-5e29-41a8-8cd2-b2a2a01d1fca.png" alt="openbb.ta.obv_chart" title="openbb.ta.obv_chart" class="img_ev3q"></p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="examples">Examples<a href="#examples" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Examples" title="Direct link to Examples">​</a></h2><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="import-statements">Import Statements<a href="#import-statements" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Import Statements" title="Direct link to Import Statements">​</a></h3><p>The examples here assume that this code block is at the top of the Python script of Notebook file:</p><div class="language-python codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#9CDCFE;--prism-background-color:#1E1E1E"><div class="codeBlockContent_m3Ux"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-python codeBlock_qGQc thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_p187"><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(86, 156, 214)">import</span><span class="token plain"> pandas </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(86, 156, 214)">as</span><span class="token plain"> pd</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(86, 156, 214)">from</span><span class="token plain"> openbb_terminal</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">sdk </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:rgb(86, 156, 214)">import</span><span class="token plain"> openbb</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token comment" style="color:rgb(106, 153, 85)"># %matplotlib inline (uncomment for Jupyter environments)</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup_6DOT"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="ma-moving-averages">MA (Moving Averages)<a href="#ma-moving-averages" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to MA (Moving Averages)" title="Direct link to MA (Moving Averages)">​</a></h3><p>The different types of moving averages, which also are individual functions (e.g., <code>openbb.ta.ema</code>), are available as an argument (<code>ma_type</code>) to the <code>ma</code> command. There are five accepted arguments, they are listed below in brackets:</p><ul><li>Simple (SMA)</li><li>Exponential (EMA)</li><li>Hull (HMA)</li><li>Weighted (WMA)</li><li>Zero-Lag (ZLMA)</li></ul><p>The <code>window</code> argument anticipates a list of integers representing the interval (minutes, days, weeks, months, etc.) to measure against the timestamp of the DataFrame&#x27;s index. The example below is a daily timeseries of S&amp;P E-Mini Futures:</p><div class="language-python codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#9CDCFE;--prism-background-color:#1E1E1E"><div class="codeBlockContent_m3Ux"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-python codeBlock_qGQc thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_p187"><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">es </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> openbb</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">stocks</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">load</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">&quot;ES=F&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">openbb</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">ta</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">ma_chart</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain"> data </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> es</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">[</span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">&#x27;Adj Close&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">]</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain"> symbol </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">&#x27;E-Mini S&amp;P Futures&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain"> ma_type </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">&#x27;SMA&#x27;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">,</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain"> window </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">[</span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(181, 206, 168)">21</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">,</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(181, 206, 168)">150</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">]</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup_6DOT"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><p><img loading="lazy" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/85772166/202889200-c6a3e895-f49d-4348-8635-68dd1456340d.png" alt="openbb.ta.ma_chart" title="openbb.ta.ma_chart" class="img_ev3q"></p><p>Changing, <code>ma_type</code>, to, <code>ZLMA</code>:</p><p><img loading="lazy" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/85772166/202889214-359d5d37-f8c0-49e0-9dd9-70afe970ae5f.png" alt="openbb.ta.ma_chart" title="openbb.ta.ma_chart" class="img_ev3q"></p><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="atr-average-true-range">ATR (Average True Range)<a href="#atr-average-true-range" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to ATR (Average True Range)" title="Direct link to ATR (Average True Range)">​</a></h3><p>The <code>atr</code> command requires OHLC data, the data argument can be the <code>load</code> function.</p><div class="language-python codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#9CDCFE;--prism-background-color:#1E1E1E"><div class="codeBlockContent_m3Ux"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-python codeBlock_qGQc thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_p187"><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">ticker </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">&#x27;ES=F&#x27;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">start </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">&#x27;2000-01-01&#x27;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">df_atr </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> openbb</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">ta</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">atr</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token plain">data </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> openbb</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">stocks</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">load</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token string-interpolation string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">f&quot;</span><span class="token string-interpolation interpolation punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">{</span><span class="token string-interpolation interpolation">ticker</span><span class="token string-interpolation interpolation punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">}</span><span class="token string-interpolation string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">,</span><span class="token plain"> start_date </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string-interpolation string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">f&quot;</span><span class="token string-interpolation interpolation punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">{</span><span class="token string-interpolation interpolation">start</span><span class="token string-interpolation interpolation punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">}</span><span class="token string-interpolation string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">,</span><span class="token plain"> monthly </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">,</span><span class="token plain"> window </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(181, 206, 168)">6</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">df_atr</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">tail</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(181, 206, 168)">5</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup_6DOT"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><table><thead><tr><th align="left">date</th><th align="right">ATRe_6</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">2022-07-01 00:00:00</td><td align="right">454.457</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2022-08-01 00:00:00</td><td align="right">431.612</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2022-09-01 00:00:00</td><td align="right">469.08</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2022-10-01 00:00:00</td><td align="right">455.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2022-11-01 00:00:00</td><td align="right">424.5</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="donchian">Donchian<a href="#donchian" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Donchian" title="Direct link to Donchian">​</a></h3><p>To use the same data for multiple functions, it is more efficient to first load to a Pandas DataFrame:</p><div class="language-python codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#9CDCFE;--prism-background-color:#1E1E1E"><div class="codeBlockContent_m3Ux"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-python codeBlock_qGQc thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_p187"><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">ticker </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">&#x27;ES=F&#x27;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">start </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">&#x27;2000-01-01&#x27;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">data_df</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">:</span><span class="token plain"> pd</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">DataFrame </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> openbb</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">stocks</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">load</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token string-interpolation string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">f&quot;</span><span class="token string-interpolation interpolation punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">{</span><span class="token string-interpolation interpolation">ticker</span><span class="token string-interpolation interpolation punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">}</span><span class="token string-interpolation string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">,</span><span class="token plain"> start_date </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string-interpolation string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">f&quot;</span><span class="token string-interpolation interpolation punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">{</span><span class="token string-interpolation interpolation">start</span><span class="token string-interpolation interpolation punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">}</span><span class="token string-interpolation string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">,</span><span class="token plain"> monthly </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">openbb</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">ta</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">donchian_chart</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token plain">data_df</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup_6DOT"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><p><img loading="lazy" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/85772166/202889227-a985d788-a320-4193-af96-0357afe9a11d.png" alt="openbb.ta.donchian_chart" title="openbb.ta.donchian_chart" class="img_ev3q"></p><p>The output from a function can be joined to the OHLC data:</p><div class="language-python codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#9CDCFE;--prism-background-color:#1E1E1E"><div class="codeBlockContent_m3Ux"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-python codeBlock_qGQc thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_p187"><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">ticker </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">&#x27;ES=F&#x27;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">start </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">&#x27;2000-01-01&#x27;</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">data_df</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">:</span><span class="token plain"> pd</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">DataFrame </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> openbb</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">stocks</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">load</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token string-interpolation string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">f&quot;</span><span class="token string-interpolation interpolation punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">{</span><span class="token string-interpolation interpolation">ticker</span><span class="token string-interpolation interpolation punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">}</span><span class="token string-interpolation string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">,</span><span class="token plain"> start_date </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token string-interpolation string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">f&quot;</span><span class="token string-interpolation interpolation punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">{</span><span class="token string-interpolation interpolation">start</span><span class="token string-interpolation interpolation punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">}</span><span class="token string-interpolation string" style="color:rgb(206, 145, 120)">&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">,</span><span class="token plain"> monthly </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">donchian </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> openbb</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">ta</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">donchian</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token plain">data_df</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">data_df </span><span class="token operator" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">=</span><span class="token plain"> data_df</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">join</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token plain">donchian</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#9CDCFE"><span class="token plain">data_df</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">.</span><span class="token plain">tail</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">(</span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(181, 206, 168)">5</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(212, 212, 212)">)</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup_6DOT"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><table><thead><tr><th align="left">date</th><th align="right">Open</th><th align="right">High</th><th align="right">Low</th><th align="right">Close</th><th align="right">Adj Close</th><th align="right">Volume</th><th align="right">DCL_20_20</th><th align="right">DCM_20_20</th><th align="right">DCU_20_20</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">2022-07-01 00:00:00</td><td align="right">3782</td><td align="right">4144</td><td align="right">3723.75</td><td align="right">4133.5</td><td align="right">4133.5</td><td align="right">3.40941e+07</td><td align="right">3198</td><td align="right">4003.12</td><td align="right">4808.25</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2022-08-01 00:00:00</td><td align="right">4137.5</td><td align="right">4327.5</td><td align="right">3953</td><td align="right">3956.5</td><td align="right">3956.5</td><td align="right">3.84732e+07</td><td align="right">3225</td><td align="right">4016.62</td><td align="right">4808.25</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2022-09-01 00:00:00</td><td align="right">3958</td><td align="right">4158</td><td align="right">3595.25</td><td align="right">3601.5</td><td align="right">3601.5</td><td align="right">4.68698e+07</td><td align="right">3595.25</td><td align="right">4201.75</td><td align="right">4808.25</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2022-10-01 00:00:00</td><td align="right">3593.25</td><td align="right">3924.25</td><td align="right">3502</td><td align="right">3883</td><td align="right">3883</td><td align="right">4.80686e+07</td><td align="right">3502</td><td align="right">4155.12</td><td align="right">4808.25</td></tr><tr><td align="left">2022-11-01 00:00:00</td><td align="right">3884</td><td align="right">4050.75</td><td align="right">3704.25</td><td align="right">3974</td><td align="right">3974</td><td align="right">2.65215e+07</td><td align="right">3502</td><td align="right">4155.12</td><td align="right">4808.25</td></tr></tbody></table></div><footer class="theme-doc-footer docusaurus-mt-lg"><div class="theme-doc-footer-edit-meta-row row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/OpenBB-finance/OpenBBTerminal/edit/main/website/content/sdk/data-available/ta.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="theme-edit-this-page"><svg fill="currentColor" height="20" width="20" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_Z9Sw" aria-hidden="true"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 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tracking-widest mb-2">On this page</p><ul class="border-l border-grey-300 dark:border-grey-600 list-none pl-4"><li class="pb-1"><a href="#how-to-use" class="text-grey-400 capitalize !no-underline">How to Use</a><ul class="list-none ml-1 border-l border-grey-300 dark:border-grey-600 mt-2"><li class="pb-1 pl-3"><a href="#_chart" class="text-grey-400 capitalize !no-underline">_chart</a></li></ul></li><li class="py-1"><a href="#examples" class="text-grey-400 capitalize !no-underline">Examples</a><ul class="list-none ml-1 border-l border-grey-300 dark:border-grey-600 mt-2"><li class="pb-1 pl-3"><a href="#import-statements" class="text-grey-400 capitalize !no-underline">Import Statements</a></li><li class="py-1 pl-3"><a href="#ma-moving-averages" class="text-grey-400 capitalize !no-underline">MA (Moving Averages)</a></li><li class="py-1 pl-3"><a href="#atr-average-true-range" class="text-grey-400 capitalize !no-underline">ATR (Average True Range)</a></li><li class="py-1 pl-3"><a 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