diff --git a/supplier/.env.example b/supplier/.env.example
index 6bb6449..c1c9f73 100644
--- a/supplier/.env.example
+++ b/supplier/.env.example
@@ -160,3 +160,18 @@ SURPLUS_REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS=120000
 SURPLUS_STOP_AFTER_SETTLED_REQUESTS=0
 SURPLUS_SETTLED_STATUSES=confirmed
 SURPLUS_STATE_PATH=/var/lib/surplus-manager/state.json
+# --- Vector proof publisher ------------------------------------------------
+# When enabled, every settled Base settlement transaction gets one Vector
+# counterpart: the sales it settled are Merkle-batched and anchored in a
+# label-674 metadata transaction signed by the proof wallet below.
+SURPLUS_PROOF_ENABLED=
+# Required when enabled. Mainnet Ogmios endpoint and the 64-hex Ed25519 key
+# of the AP3X proof wallet (the retired Vector supplier wallet).
+OGMIOS_URL=
+SURPLUS_PROOF_WALLET_PRIV_KEY_HEX=
+SURPLUS_PROOF_LEDGER_PATH=/var/lib/surplus-manager/vector-proofs.json
+# Anchoring pauses when the wallet cannot keep this reserve after one fee.
+SURPLUS_PROOF_RESERVE_LOVELACE=5000000
+SURPLUS_PROOF_FEE_BUDGET_LOVELACE=1000000
+SURPLUS_PROOF_INTERVAL_MS=300000
+SURPLUS_PROOF_CONFIRM_TIMEOUT_MS=300000
diff --git a/supplier/src/cli/surplus-seller.ts b/supplier/src/cli/surplus-seller.ts
index 705f583..aae8c17 100644
--- a/supplier/src/cli/surplus-seller.ts
+++ b/supplier/src/cli/surplus-seller.ts
@@ -15,10 +15,20 @@ import {
   SurplusDashboardService,
   type SurplusDashboardSnapshot,
 } from "../surplus/dashboard.js";
+import { FileSurplusVectorProofLedger } from "../surplus/vectorProof.js";
+import { SurplusVectorProofPublisher } from "../surplus/vectorPublisher.js";
+import { LiveOgmiosProvider } from "@marketplace/shared/chain";
+import type { WalletKey } from "@marketplace/shared/tx";
+import { buildAnchorMetadataTx } from "@marketplace/shared/tx/server";
+import { deriveKeypair } from "./gen-keypair.js";
 
 export async function runSurplusSeller(
   env: Record<string, string | undefined>,
-): Promise<{ server: Server; controller: SurplusSellerController }> {
+): Promise<{
+  server: Server;
+  controller: SurplusSellerController;
+  publisher: SurplusVectorProofPublisher | null;
+}> {
   const config = loadSurplusManagerConfig(env);
   const client = new SurplusClient({
     apiBaseUrl: config.apiBaseUrl,
@@ -38,11 +48,51 @@ export async function runSurplusSeller(
     stateStore,
     log: (message) => console.log(message),
   });
+
+  let publisher: SurplusVectorProofPublisher | null = null;
+  let proofs: FileSurplusVectorProofLedger | undefined;
+  if (config.proof !== null) {
+    const proofConfig = config.proof;
+    const ledger = await FileSurplusVectorProofLedger.open(proofConfig.ledgerPath);
+    proofs = ledger;
+    const chain = new LiveOgmiosProvider({ ogmiosUrl: proofConfig.ogmiosUrl });
+    const derived = deriveKeypair(proofConfig.walletPrivateKeyHex, 1);
+    const walletKey: WalletKey = {
+      pubKeyHash: derived.pubKeyHash,
+      pubKeyHex: derived.publicKeyHex,
+      privateKeyHex: derived.privateKeyHex,
+      address: derived.address,
+    };
+    publisher = new SurplusVectorProofPublisher({
+      ledger,
+      earnings: () => client.getEarnings(),
+      anchor: async (metadata) => {
+        const built = await buildAnchorMetadataTx({ chain, walletKey, metadata });
+        return { expectedTxHash: built.expectedTxHash };
+      },
+      awaitTx: (txHash, timeoutMs) => chain.awaitTx(txHash, timeoutMs),
+      balanceLovelace: async () => {
+        const utxos = await chain.queryUtxosByAddress(walletKey.address);
+        return utxos.reduce((sum, utxo) => sum + utxo.lovelace, 0n);
+      },
+      reserveLovelace: proofConfig.reserveLovelace,
+      feeBudgetLovelace: proofConfig.feeBudgetLovelace,
+      settledStatuses: config.settledStatuses,
+      intervalMs: proofConfig.intervalMs,
+      confirmTimeoutMs: proofConfig.confirmTimeoutMs,
+      log: (message) => console.log(message),
+    });
+    console.log(
+      `surplus-proof: publisher enabled with wallet ${derived.address} and ledger ${proofConfig.ledgerPath}`,
+    );
+  }
+
   const dashboard = new SurplusDashboardService({
     controller,
     client,
     allowance,
     config,
+    proofs,
   });
   const server = createSurplusServer(controller, dashboard);
   await new Promise<void>((resolveListen, rejectListen) => {
@@ -53,7 +103,8 @@ export async function runSurplusSeller(
     });
   });
   await controller.start();
-  return { server, controller };
+  publisher?.start();
+  return { server, controller, publisher };
 }
 
 interface DashboardSource {
@@ -115,13 +166,14 @@ async function handleRequest(
 export async function main(
   env: Record<string, string | undefined> = process.env,
 ): Promise<void> {
-  const { server, controller } = await runSurplusSeller(env);
+  const { server, controller, publisher } = await runSurplusSeller(env);
   console.log("Surplus seller controller listening");
   let shuttingDown = false;
   const shutdown = async (signal: string): Promise<void> => {
     if (shuttingDown) return;
     shuttingDown = true;
     console.log(`Surplus seller controller shutting down (${signal})`);
+    await publisher?.stop();
     await controller.stop();
     await new Promise<void>((resolveClose, rejectClose) => {
       server.close((error) => error ? rejectClose(error) : resolveClose());
diff --git a/supplier/src/surplus/config.ts b/supplier/src/surplus/config.ts
index 16ac21e..b9bc112 100644
--- a/supplier/src/surplus/config.ts
+++ b/supplier/src/surplus/config.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ const USD_RE = /^(?:0|[1-9]\d*)(?:\.\d{1,6})?$/;
 const EVM_ADDRESS_RE = /^0x[0-9a-fA-F]{40}$/;
 const POSITIVE_INT_RE = /^[1-9]\d*$/;
 const NON_NEGATIVE_INT_RE = /^(?:0|[1-9]\d*)$/;
+const HEX64_RE = /^[0-9a-fA-F]{64}$/;
 
 export interface SurplusManagerConfig {
   live: boolean;
@@ -25,8 +26,18 @@ export interface SurplusManagerConfig {
   settledStatuses: string[];
   statePath: string;
   port: number;
+  proof: SurplusProofConfig | null;
 }
 
+export interface SurplusProofConfig {
+  ogmiosUrl: string;
+  walletPrivateKeyHex: string;
+  ledgerPath: string;
+  reserveLovelace: bigint;
+  feeBudgetLovelace: bigint;
+  intervalMs: number;
+  confirmTimeoutMs: number;
+}
 export function loadSurplusManagerConfig(
   env: Record<string, string | undefined>,
 ): SurplusManagerConfig {
@@ -135,6 +146,62 @@ export function loadSurplusManagerConfig(
       "SURPLUS_STATE_PATH",
     ),
     port: boundedInteger(env.PORT ?? "8080", "PORT", 1, 65_535),
+    proof: loadProofConfig(env),
+  };
+}
+
+function loadProofConfig(
+  env: Record<string, string | undefined>,
+): SurplusProofConfig | null {
+  const enabledRaw = env.SURPLUS_PROOF_ENABLED;
+  if (enabledRaw === undefined || enabledRaw === "") return null;
+  if (enabledRaw !== "1") {
+    throw new Error("SURPLUS_PROOF_ENABLED must be literal 1 or unset");
+  }
+
+  const ogmiosUrl = required(env, "OGMIOS_URL");
+  const walletPrivateKeyHex = required(
+    env,
+    "SURPLUS_PROOF_WALLET_PRIV_KEY_HEX",
+  );
+  if (!HEX64_RE.test(walletPrivateKeyHex)) {
+    throw new Error(
+      "SURPLUS_PROOF_WALLET_PRIV_KEY_HEX must be 64 hexadecimal characters",
+    );
+  }
+
+  return {
+    ogmiosUrl,
+    walletPrivateKeyHex: walletPrivateKeyHex.toLowerCase(),
+    ledgerPath: requiredWithDefault(
+      env.SURPLUS_PROOF_LEDGER_PATH,
+      "/var/lib/surplus-manager/vector-proofs.json",
+      "SURPLUS_PROOF_LEDGER_PATH",
+    ),
+    reserveLovelace: BigInt(boundedInteger(
+      env.SURPLUS_PROOF_RESERVE_LOVELACE ?? "5000000",
+      "SURPLUS_PROOF_RESERVE_LOVELACE",
+      0,
+      Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER,
+    )),
+    feeBudgetLovelace: BigInt(boundedInteger(
+      env.SURPLUS_PROOF_FEE_BUDGET_LOVELACE ?? "1000000",
+      "SURPLUS_PROOF_FEE_BUDGET_LOVELACE",
+      1,
+      Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER,
+    )),
+    intervalMs: boundedInteger(
+      env.SURPLUS_PROOF_INTERVAL_MS ?? "300000",
+      "SURPLUS_PROOF_INTERVAL_MS",
+      60_000,
+      86_400_000,
+    ),
+    confirmTimeoutMs: boundedInteger(
+      env.SURPLUS_PROOF_CONFIRM_TIMEOUT_MS ?? "300000",
+      "SURPLUS_PROOF_CONFIRM_TIMEOUT_MS",
+      10_000,
+      3_600_000,
+    ),
   };
 }
 
diff --git a/supplier/src/surplus/vectorPublisher.ts b/supplier/src/surplus/vectorPublisher.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..16dd768
--- /dev/null
+++ b/supplier/src/surplus/vectorPublisher.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+/**
+ * vectorPublisher.ts — anchors Surplus sale Merkle batches on Vector.
+ *
+ * Policy (2026-08-28): every settled Base USDC settlement transaction gets its
+ * own Vector counterpart. Sales are grouped by their Base `tx_hash`; each group
+ * becomes one Merkle batch anchored in one label-674 Vector transaction.
+ * Observed sales that fell out of the Surplus API window before settling are
+ * anchored together in a trailing catch-up batch so no captured sale is left
+ * without a proof.
+ *
+ * The publisher is fail-closed:
+ * - it never anchors while the wallet cannot cover reserve + fee budget,
+ * - every batch is persisted as a pending intent before any submission,
+ * - a stale pending intent found at cycle start is failed as "submit" and
+ *   rebuilt deterministically (same sales ⇒ same root) on the same cycle.
+ */
+
+import type { SurplusEarnings, SurplusSale } from "./client.js";
+import {
+  SURPLUS_SALE_PROOF_PROTOCOL,
+  type CanonicalSurplusSale,
+  type FileSurplusVectorProofLedger,
+  type SurplusPendingBatchIntent,
+} from "./vectorProof.js";
+
+export interface SurplusProofAnchorMetadata {
+  p: typeof SURPLUS_SALE_PROOF_PROTOCOL;
+  root: string;
+  count: number;
+  first: string;
+  last: string;
+}
+
+export type SurplusProofLedgerSeam = Pick<
+  FileSurplusVectorProofLedger,
+  | "ingestSales"
+  | "selectUnprovedSales"
+  | "persistPendingBatch"
+  | "pendingBatchIntent"
+  | "confirmPendingBatch"
+  | "failPendingBatch"
+>;
+
+export interface SurplusVectorProofPublisherOptions {
+  ledger: SurplusProofLedgerSeam;
+  earnings: () => Promise<SurplusEarnings>;
+  anchor: (
+    metadata: SurplusProofAnchorMetadata,
+  ) => Promise<{ expectedTxHash: string }>;
+  awaitTx: (txHash: string, timeoutMs: number) => Promise<void>;
+  balanceLovelace: () => Promise<bigint>;
+  reserveLovelace: bigint;
+  feeBudgetLovelace: bigint;
+  settledStatuses: readonly string[];
+  intervalMs: number;
+  confirmTimeoutMs: number;
+  log: (message: string) => void;
+}
+
+export interface SurplusPublisherCycleResult {
+  ingested: number;
+  anchored: number;
+  fundingBlocked: boolean;
+  failed: boolean;
+}
+
+export class SurplusVectorProofPublisher {
+  private readonly options: SurplusVectorProofPublisherOptions;
+  private timer: NodeJS.Timeout | null = null;
+  private inFlight: Promise<SurplusPublisherCycleResult> | null = null;
+  private stopped = false;
+
+  constructor(options: SurplusVectorProofPublisherOptions) {
+    if (options.reserveLovelace < 0n || options.feeBudgetLovelace <= 0n) {
+      throw new Error(
+        "Surplus proof publisher needs a non-negative reserve and a positive fee budget",
+      );
+    }
+    this.options = options;
+  }
+
+  start(): void {
+    if (this.timer !== null) return;
+    this.stopped = false;
+    void this.tick();
+    this.timer = setInterval(() => void this.tick(), this.options.intervalMs);
+    this.timer.unref?.();
+  }
+
+  async stop(): Promise<void> {
+    this.stopped = true;
+    if (this.timer !== null) {
+      clearInterval(this.timer);
+      this.timer = null;
+    }
+    if (this.inFlight !== null) {
+      await this.inFlight.catch(() => undefined);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private async tick(): Promise<void> {
+    if (this.inFlight !== null || this.stopped) return;
+    const cycle = this.runCycle();
+    this.inFlight = cycle;
+    try {
+      await cycle;
+    } catch (error) {
+      const detail = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
+      this.options.log(`surplus-proof: cycle failed: ${detail}`);
+    } finally {
+      this.inFlight = null;
+    }
+  }
+
+  async runCycle(): Promise<SurplusPublisherCycleResult> {
+    const { ledger, log } = this.options;
+    const result: SurplusPublisherCycleResult = {
+      ingested: 0,
+      anchored: 0,
+      fundingBlocked: false,
+      failed: false,
+    };
+
+    const settled = await this.observeSettledSales();
+    const { inserted } = await ledger.ingestSales(settled);
+    result.ingested = inserted;
+    if (inserted > 0) {
+      log(`surplus-proof: captured ${inserted} newly settled sale(s)`);
+    }
+
+    const stale = ledger.pendingBatchIntent();
+    if (stale !== null) {
+      await ledger.failPendingBatch(stale.batchRoot, "submit");
+      log(
+        `surplus-proof: failed stale pending batch ${stale.batchRoot} from an interrupted run; retrying this cycle`,
+      );
+    }
+
+    for (const batch of this.planBatches(settled, ledger.selectUnprovedSales())) {
+      if (this.stopped) break;
+      if (!(await this.fundsAvailable())) {
+        result.fundingBlocked = true;
+        break;
+      }
+      const anchored = await this.anchorBatch(batch);
+      if (!anchored) {
+        result.failed = true;
+        break;
+      }
+      result.anchored += 1;
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /** Settled = carries a Base settlement tx hash and passes the status filter. */
+  private async observeSettledSales(): Promise<SurplusSale[]> {
+    const { earnings, settledStatuses } = this.options;
+    const snapshot = await earnings();
+    return snapshot.recentSales.filter((sale) =>
+      sale.transactionHash !== null &&
+      (settledStatuses.length === 0 ||
+        settledStatuses.includes(sale.settlementStatus))
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * One batch per observed Base settlement tx (oldest first), then one
+   * catch-up batch for unproved sales whose settlement tx is no longer
+   * observable in the Surplus API window.
+   */
+  private planBatches(
+    settled: readonly SurplusSale[],
+    unproved: readonly CanonicalSurplusSale[],
+  ): CanonicalSurplusSale[][] {
+    const txBySaleId = new Map<string, string>();
+    for (const sale of settled) {
+      if (sale.transactionHash !== null) {
+        txBySaleId.set(sale.id, sale.transactionHash);
+      }
+    }
+
+    const groups = new Map<string, CanonicalSurplusSale[]>();
+    const leftovers: CanonicalSurplusSale[] = [];
+    for (const sale of unproved) {
+      const settlementTx = txBySaleId.get(sale.saleId);
+      if (settlementTx === undefined) {
+        leftovers.push(sale);
+        continue;
+      }
+      const group = groups.get(settlementTx);
+      if (group === undefined) groups.set(settlementTx, [sale]);
+      else group.push(sale);
+    }
+
+    const batches = [...groups.values()].sort(
+      (left, right) => earliest(left) - earliest(right),
+    );
+    if (leftovers.length > 0) batches.push(leftovers);
+    return batches;
+  }
+
+  private async fundsAvailable(): Promise<boolean> {
+    const { balanceLovelace, reserveLovelace, feeBudgetLovelace, log } =
+      this.options;
+    const balance = await balanceLovelace();
+    if (balance >= reserveLovelace + feeBudgetLovelace) return true;
+    log(
+      `surplus-proof: funding required — wallet holds ${balance} lovelace, ` +
+        `needs reserve ${reserveLovelace} + fee budget ${feeBudgetLovelace}; anchoring paused`,
+    );
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  private async anchorBatch(
+    sales: readonly CanonicalSurplusSale[],
+  ): Promise<boolean> {
+    const { ledger, anchor, awaitTx, confirmTimeoutMs, log } = this.options;
+    const saleIds = sales.map((sale) => sale.saleId).sort();
+    const intent: SurplusPendingBatchIntent = await ledger.persistPendingBatch(
+      saleIds,
+    );
+
+    let expectedTxHash: string;
+    try {
+      const built = await anchor({
+        p: SURPLUS_SALE_PROOF_PROTOCOL,
+        root: intent.batchRoot,
+        count: intent.count,
+        first: intent.firstSaleId,
+        last: intent.lastSaleId,
+      });
+      expectedTxHash = built.expectedTxHash;
+    } catch (error) {
+      await ledger.failPendingBatch(intent.batchRoot, "submit");
+      const detail = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
+      log(
+        `surplus-proof: submit failed for batch ${intent.batchRoot} (${intent.count} sale(s)): ${detail}`,
+      );
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      await awaitTx(expectedTxHash, confirmTimeoutMs);
+    } catch (error) {
+      await ledger.failPendingBatch(intent.batchRoot, "confirm");
+      const detail = error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error);
+      log(
+        `surplus-proof: confirmation timed out for batch ${intent.batchRoot} in tx ${expectedTxHash}: ${detail}`,
+      );
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    await ledger.confirmPendingBatch(intent.batchRoot, expectedTxHash);
+    log(
+      `surplus-proof: anchored ${intent.count} sale(s) [${intent.firstSaleId}..${intent.lastSaleId}] ` +
+        `root ${intent.batchRoot} in Vector tx ${expectedTxHash}`,
+    );
+    return true;
+  }
+}
+
+function earliest(sales: readonly CanonicalSurplusSale[]): number {
+  let value = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+  for (const sale of sales) {
+    if (sale.createdAtEpochMs < value) value = sale.createdAtEpochMs;
+  }
+  return value;
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/surplus-vector-publisher.test.ts b/tests/unit/surplus-vector-publisher.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4470e0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/surplus-vector-publisher.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+import { mkdtemp, rm } from "node:fs/promises";
+import { tmpdir } from "node:os";
+import { join } from "node:path";
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from "vitest";
+import type {
+  SurplusEarnings,
+  SurplusSale,
+} from "../../supplier/src/surplus/client.js";
+import { FileSurplusVectorProofLedger } from "../../supplier/src/surplus/vectorProof.js";
+import {
+  SurplusVectorProofPublisher,
+  type SurplusProofAnchorMetadata,
+  type SurplusVectorProofPublisherOptions,
+} from "../../supplier/src/surplus/vectorPublisher.js";
+
+const directories: string[] = [];
+
+async function temporaryLedger(): Promise<FileSurplusVectorProofLedger> {
+  const directory = await mkdtemp(join(tmpdir(), "surplus-vector-publisher-"));
+  directories.push(directory);
+  return FileSurplusVectorProofLedger.open(join(directory, "ledger.json"));
+}
+
+afterEach(async () => {
+  await Promise.all(directories.splice(0).map((path) =>
+    rm(path, { recursive: true, force: true })
+  ));
+});
+
+function sale(
+  id: string,
+  overrides: Partial<SurplusSale> = {},
+): SurplusSale {
+  const createdAtMs = Date.parse("2026-08-28T11:00:00.123Z");
+  return {
+    id,
+    model: "deepseek-v4-flash",
+    offerId: "offer-1",
+    settlementStatus: "confirmed",
+    createdAt: new Date(createdAtMs).toISOString(),
+    createdAtMs,
+    sellerCostMicroUsd: 83,
+    inputTokens: 10,
+    outputTokens: 2,
+    cacheReadTokens: 3,
+    effectiveInputUsdPer1m: 0.003972,
+    effectiveOutputUsdPer1m: 0.007944,
+    transactionHash: "0x" + "a".repeat(64),
+    ...overrides,
+  };
+}
+
+function earningsWith(recentSales: SurplusSale[]): SurplusEarnings {
+  return {
+    totalEarnedMicroUsd: 186_810,
+    pendingMicroUsd: 176_817,
+    paidMicroUsd: 9_993,
+    requestCount: recentSales.length,
+    tokenCount: 120,
+    topModel: "deepseek-v4-flash",
+    payoutHoldReason: null,
+    payoutHoldReleasesAt: null,
+    daily: [],
+    byModel: [],
+    recentSales,
+  } as unknown as SurplusEarnings;
+}
+
+interface HarnessOverrides {
+  sales?: SurplusSale[];
+  balance?: bigint;
+  anchor?: SurplusVectorProofPublisherOptions["anchor"];
+  awaitTx?: SurplusVectorProofPublisherOptions["awaitTx"];
+}
+
+async function harness(overrides: HarnessOverrides = {}) {
+  const ledger = await temporaryLedger();
+  const anchors: SurplusProofAnchorMetadata[] = [];
+  const logs: string[] = [];
+  let txCounter = 0;
+  const anchor = overrides.anchor ?? (async (metadata: SurplusProofAnchorMetadata) => {
+    anchors.push(metadata);
+    txCounter += 1;
+    return { expectedTxHash: String(txCounter).repeat(64).slice(0, 64) };
+  });
+  const publisher = new SurplusVectorProofPublisher({
+    ledger,
+    earnings: async () => earningsWith(overrides.sales ?? []),
+    anchor,
+    awaitTx: overrides.awaitTx ?? (async () => undefined),
+    balanceLovelace: async () => overrides.balance ?? 25_000_000n,
+    reserveLovelace: 5_000_000n,
+    feeBudgetLovelace: 1_000_000n,
+    settledStatuses: ["confirmed"],
+    intervalMs: 60_000,
+    confirmTimeoutMs: 1_000,
+    log: (message) => logs.push(message),
+  });
+  return { ledger, publisher, anchors, logs };
+}
+
+describe("SurplusVectorProofPublisher", () => {
+  it("anchors one Vector transaction per settled Base settlement transaction", async () => {
+    const baseTxA = "0x" + "a".repeat(64);
+    const baseTxB = "0x" + "b".repeat(64);
+    const sales = [
+      sale("01SALEA1", { transactionHash: baseTxA }),
+      sale("01SALEA2", { transactionHash: baseTxA }),
+      sale("01SALEB1", {
+        transactionHash: baseTxB,
+        createdAtMs: Date.parse("2026-08-28T12:00:00.000Z"),
+        createdAt: "2026-08-28T12:00:00.000Z",
+      }),
+      sale("01UNSETTLED", { transactionHash: null, settlementStatus: "accrued" }),
+    ];
+    const { ledger, publisher, anchors } = await harness({ sales });
+
+    const result = await publisher.runCycle();
+
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({
+      ingested: 3,
+      anchored: 2,
+      fundingBlocked: false,
+      failed: false,
+    });
+    expect(anchors).toHaveLength(2);
+    expect(anchors[0]).toMatchObject({
+      p: "surplus-sale-proof-v1",
+      count: 2,
+      first: "01SALEA1",
+      last: "01SALEA2",
+    });
+    expect(anchors[1]).toMatchObject({ count: 1, first: "01SALEB1" });
+
+    for (const id of ["01SALEA1", "01SALEA2", "01SALEB1"]) {
+      expect(ledger.dashboardProof(id)).toMatchObject({ status: "confirmed" });
+    }
+    expect(ledger.dashboardProof("01SALEA1")?.txHash).not.toBe(
+      ledger.dashboardProof("01SALEB1")?.txHash,
+    );
+    expect(ledger.dashboardProof("01UNSETTLED")).toBeNull();
+    expect(ledger.confirmedBatchHistory()).toHaveLength(2);
+  });
+
+  it("pauses anchoring below the reserve plus fee budget without touching the ledger batches", async () => {
+    const { ledger, publisher, anchors, logs } = await harness({
+      sales: [sale("01SALEA1")],
+      balance: 5_500_000n,
+    });
+
+    const result = await publisher.runCycle();
+
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({ anchored: 0, fundingBlocked: true });
+    expect(anchors).toHaveLength(0);
+    expect(ledger.pendingBatchIntent()).toBeNull();
+    expect(ledger.dashboardProof("01SALEA1")).toMatchObject({ status: "pending" });
+    expect(logs.some((line) => line.includes("funding required"))).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it("records a submit failure and retries the same sales on the next cycle", async () => {
+    const anchor = vi.fn()
+      .mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error("ogmios unreachable"))
+      .mockResolvedValue({ expectedTxHash: "c".repeat(64) });
+    const { ledger, publisher } = await harness({
+      sales: [sale("01SALEA1")],
+      anchor,
+    });
+
+    const firstCycle = await publisher.runCycle();
+    expect(firstCycle).toMatchObject({ anchored: 0, failed: true });
+    expect(ledger.dashboardProof("01SALEA1")).toMatchObject({ status: "failed" });
+    expect(ledger.failedAttemptHistory()).toHaveLength(1);
+
+    const secondCycle = await publisher.runCycle();
+    expect(secondCycle).toMatchObject({ anchored: 1, failed: false });
+    expect(ledger.dashboardProof("01SALEA1")).toMatchObject({
+      status: "confirmed",
+      txHash: "c".repeat(64),
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("fails a stale pending batch from an interrupted run and re-anchors it in the same cycle", async () => {
+    const observed = sale("01SALEA1");
+    const { ledger, publisher, anchors } = await harness({ sales: [observed] });
+    await ledger.ingestSales([observed]);
+    await ledger.persistPendingBatch(["01SALEA1"]);
+
+    const result = await publisher.runCycle();
+
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({ anchored: 1, failed: false });
+    expect(anchors).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(ledger.failedAttemptHistory()).toMatchObject([{ stage: "submit" }]);
+    expect(ledger.dashboardProof("01SALEA1")).toMatchObject({ status: "confirmed" });
+  });
+
+  it("anchors window-expired unproved sales together in a trailing catch-up batch", async () => {
+    const expired = sale("01EXPIRED");
+    const { ledger, publisher, anchors } = await harness({
+      sales: [sale("01SALEB1", { transactionHash: "0x" + "b".repeat(64) })],
+    });
+    await ledger.ingestSales([expired]);
+
+    const result = await publisher.runCycle();
+
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({ anchored: 2 });
+    expect(anchors.map((metadata) => metadata.first)).toEqual([
+      "01SALEB1",
+      "01EXPIRED",
+    ]);
+    expect(ledger.dashboardProof("01EXPIRED")).toMatchObject({ status: "confirmed" });
+  });
+
+  it("marks a confirmation timeout as a confirm-stage failure", async () => {
+    const { ledger, publisher } = await harness({
+      sales: [sale("01SALEA1")],
+      awaitTx: async () => {
+        throw new Error("timed out");
+      },
+    });
+
+    const result = await publisher.runCycle();
+
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({ anchored: 0, failed: true });
+    expect(ledger.failedAttemptHistory()).toMatchObject([{ stage: "confirm" }]);
+    expect(ledger.dashboardProof("01SALEA1")).toMatchObject({ status: "failed" });
+  });
+});